Caffeine

settled  caffeine — well-studied; evidence and use are aligned

⚠ Safety in context

Evidence by outcome

cognitiongrade Ahigh certaintyreliably improves alertness, reaction time, and vigilance
energy / fatiguegrade Bmoderate certaintyreduces perceived fatigue; tolerance develops with regular use
strengthgrade Bhigh certaintyreliable ergogenic effect on power and endurance performance

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sources: PMID:00000020 · PMID:00000021 · PMID:20000114