Ashwagandha vs Ginkgo

for cognition

Stronger evidence: tie

Stronger effect: tie

Safety: Ginkgo has the more serious interaction profile (moderate vs serious).

For cognition, the two are evidence-matched; the difference is in effect and safety.

grade C low certainty

preliminary improvements in memory/executive function; small trials

300–600 mg/day, adults

grade C low certainty

no reliable benefit for preventing cognitive decline in large trials

sources: PMID:42220661 · PMID:00000034